It is also worth remembering that compute isolation is only half the problem. You can put code inside a gVisor sandbox or a Firecracker microVM with a hardware boundary, and none of it matters if the sandbox has unrestricted network egress for your “agentic workload”. An attacker who cannot escape the kernel can still exfiltrate every secret it can read over an outbound HTTP connection. Network policy where it is a stripped network namespace with no external route, a proxy-based domain allowlist, or explicit capability grants for specific destinations is the other half of the isolation story that is easy to overlook. The apply case here can range from disabling full network access to using a proxy for redaction, credential injection or simply just allow listing a specific set of DNS records.
For implementers, this promise-heavy design constrains optimization opportunities. The spec mandates specific promise resolution ordering, making it difficult to batch operations or skip unnecessary async boundaries without risking subtle compliance failures. There are many hidden internal optimizations that implementers do make but these can be complicated and difficult to get right.
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// console.log(spanner.next(100)); // 输出1（正确）